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The tutorials will take place on Sunday, May 10, 2026. \u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"margin-left:0px;\">All tutorials will be recorded and made available on the conference online platform shortly afterward. They can be viewed up to 30 days after the end of the conference, both by virtual attendees that registered for the tutorials, and in-person tutorial participants that want to refresh their memory or catch up on a lecture they missed.\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"margin-left:0px;\">No live streaming will be available this year to manage the cost of attendance. A dedicated discussion forum for each tutorial will provide an opportunity to contact the lecturers with questions.\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"margin-left:0px;\"> \u003C/p>","Heading Left",{"id":1591,"title":1592,"body":1593,"containerWidth":15,"buttonGroup":15,"media":15},59,"Tutorial Schedule ","\u003Cfigure class=\"image\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/IFCS_2026_Tutorial_Overview_c22774ac6b.png\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>*Schedule is subject to change\u003C/p>",{"id":5,"__component":1595,"componentVariation":1596,"contactsVariation":1597,"styles":15,"header":1598,"sessionsGroup":1601},"content.sessions","Sessions Base","Card Contact Base",{"id":1409,"heading":1599,"prose":89,"lead":15,"eyebrow":15,"badge":15,"componentVariation":1600,"containerWidth":15,"image":15},"Tutorial Speakers","Heading Center",[1602],{"id":5,"groupTitle":15,"sessions":1603},[1604,1648,1699,1732,1764,1816,1847,1892,1925,1975],{"id":5,"session":1605},{"id":5,"title":1606,"teaser":1607,"body":89,"createdAt":1608,"updatedAt":1609,"publishedAt":1610,"url_path_id":1611,"contacts":1612,"url_path":1647},"Microwave Atomic Clocks","\u003Cp>Microwave atomic clocks have underpinned frequency and time metrology for more than half a century and have reached a level of maturity that enables highly reliable and robust operation. They span a wide range of implementations and performance levels, from space-qualified clocks to laboratory-based atomic fountain clocks. This tutorial will present an overview of the fundamental principles of microwave atomic clocks and the key physical mechanisms governing their operation. I will review their performance in terms of stability and accuracy, with discussion of the most significant systematic frequency shifts. The tutorial will explore the range of microwave clock technologies and applications, including commercial systems such as thermal beam clocks and masers, as well as laboratory systems such as fountain clocks and trapped-ion clocks. Finally, I will address the central role of microwave clocks in global timekeeping and discuss their evolving role in the SI system as the community moves toward a possible redefinition of the second.\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:21:33.078Z","2025-12-22T21:33:52.402Z","2025-12-22T21:33:52.397Z","59",[1613],{"id":220,"name":1614,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1615,"email":15,"biography":1616,"createdAt":1617,"updatedAt":1617,"url_path_id":1618,"contactPhoto":1619,"socialLinks":1645,"url_path":1646},"Scott Beattie ","NRC, Canada","\u003Cp>Dr Scott Beattie is the Team Leader for the Frequency and Time group at the National Research Council (NRC) Canada, who are responsible for realising the SI second, and for maintaining and disseminating the official time for Canada, UTC(NRC). \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Dr Beattie received his PhD from York University in 2009, where he studied atom interferometry in magneto-optical traps. From 2009 to 2012, he conducted postdoctoral research with Zoran Hadzibabic at the University of Cambridge on superfluidity in Bose-Einstein condensates. He then joined the University of Toronto from 2012 to 2014 to study degenerate fermionic gases in the group of Joseph Thywissen. In 2014, Dr. Beattie joined the National Research Council Canada (NRC) in the Frequency and Time group, where his research focused on caesium fountain primary frequency standards and frequency combs. \u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:21:03.303Z","58",{"id":1325,"name":1620,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1621,"height":1622,"formats":1623,"hash":1641,"ext":714,"mime":717,"size":1642,"url":1643,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1644,"updatedAt":1644},"Scott Beattie - Photo.jpg",722,903,{"small":1624,"medium":1630,"thumbnail":1636},{"ext":714,"url":1625,"hash":1626,"mime":717,"name":1627,"path":15,"size":1628,"width":1629,"height":44},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/small_Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe.jpg","small_Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe","small_Scott Beattie - Photo.jpg",25.05,400,{"ext":714,"url":1631,"hash":1632,"mime":717,"name":1633,"path":15,"size":1634,"width":1635,"height":51},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/medium_Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe.jpg","medium_Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe","medium_Scott Beattie - Photo.jpg",61.64,600,{"ext":714,"url":1637,"hash":1638,"mime":717,"name":1639,"path":15,"size":1640,"width":1466,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe.jpg","thumbnail_Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe","thumbnail_Scott Beattie - Photo.jpg",3.66,"Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe",101.76,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Scott_Beattie_Photo_62610f27fe.jpg","2025-12-22T21:20:55.276Z",[],"-27","-28",{"id":65,"session":1649},{"id":85,"title":1650,"teaser":1651,"body":89,"createdAt":1652,"updatedAt":1653,"publishedAt":1654,"url_path_id":1655,"contacts":1656,"url_path":1698},"Optical Atomic Clocks","\u003Cp>The exceptional accuracy of optical clocks is at the basis of the future redefinition of the SI second in terms of an optical frequency. Optical clocks are extraordinary metrological tools which also have applications beyond timekeeping. This tutorial will focus on the principles of optical clocks and their operation, and will give an overview of clock systems based on ions and neutral atoms, comparing their advantages and limitations. We will investigate the challenges of pushing the systematic and statistical uncertainty of optical clocks down to the 10-18 level and below. Next, we will look into the requirements for the optical redefinition of the second, and discuss the international efforts to carry out regular international clock comparison campaigns to satisfy these criteria. Finally, we will talk about some of the applications that make use of these state-of-the-art frequency metrology systems - from testing fundamental physics to relativistic geodesy. \u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:25:39.202Z","2025-12-22T21:34:00.431Z","2025-12-22T21:34:00.426Z","62",[1657],{"id":187,"name":1658,"committee":15,"position":1659,"affiliation":15,"email":15,"biography":1660,"createdAt":1661,"updatedAt":1662,"url_path_id":1663,"contactPhoto":1664,"socialLinks":1696,"url_path":1697},"Alexandra Tofful","NPL, UK","\u003Cp>Dr Alexandra Tofful is an experimental physicist in optical frequency metrology at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Teddington, UK. She obtained her BSc in Physics (2018) from King’s College London, and her MRes in Controlled Quantum Dynamics (2019) and PhD in Physics (2023) from Imperial College London. Her PhD project and current research initiatives are centred around the ytterbium ion optical clock at NPL, which she has been working on since 2019. Alexandra has a leading role in the optimisation and operation of the ytterbium ion optical clock in international clock comparison campaigns. Her focus is on the continuous improvement of the accuracy and stability of the clock, and to increase the level of automation of the experiment and data analysis, striving towards high-uptime unattended clock operation. Alexandra’s research is motivated by the impending redefinition of the SI second in terms of an optical frequency and testing fundamental physics with optical clocks.\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:24:33.962Z","2025-12-22T21:24:55.038Z","61",{"id":909,"name":1665,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1666,"height":1667,"formats":1668,"hash":1692,"ext":18,"mime":19,"size":1693,"url":1694,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1695,"updatedAt":1695},"Alexandra Tofful_headshot.png",768,1024,{"large":1669,"small":1674,"medium":1680,"thumbnail":1686},{"ext":18,"url":1670,"hash":1671,"mime":19,"name":1672,"path":15,"size":1673,"width":51,"height":37},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/large_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a.png","large_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a","large_Alexandra Tofful_headshot.png",1469.89,{"ext":18,"url":1675,"hash":1676,"mime":19,"name":1677,"path":15,"size":1678,"width":1679,"height":44},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/small_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a.png","small_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a","small_Alexandra Tofful_headshot.png",406.36,375,{"ext":18,"url":1681,"hash":1682,"mime":19,"name":1683,"path":15,"size":1684,"width":1685,"height":51},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/medium_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a.png","medium_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a","medium_Alexandra Tofful_headshot.png",881.47,563,{"ext":18,"url":1687,"hash":1688,"mime":19,"name":1689,"path":15,"size":1690,"width":1691,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a.png","thumbnail_Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a","thumbnail_Alexandra Tofful_headshot.png",46.37,117,"Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a",411.3,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Alexandra_Tofful_headshot_3974e77f3a.png","2025-12-22T21:24:51.338Z",[],"-30","-31",{"id":27,"session":1700},{"id":27,"title":1701,"teaser":1702,"body":89,"createdAt":1703,"updatedAt":1704,"publishedAt":1705,"url_path_id":1706,"contacts":1707,"url_path":1731},"Relativity and Timekeeping in Cislunar Space and Beyond","\u003Cp>Relativistic effects determine the rate and accumulation of time for clocks operating\u003Cbr>beyond low Earth orbit. In cislunar space, gravitational and kinematic contributions from\u003Cbr>the Earth, Moon, and Sun produce measurable offsets and variations that must be\u003Cbr>modeled to define and compare time and frequency across Earth–Moon and\u003Cbr>interplanetary distances. This tutorial presents a relativistic formulation of timekeeping\u003Cbr>applicable to cislunar and interplanetary environments, building on concepts familiar\u003Cbr>from terrestrial and GNSS-based systems. The relationship between proper time and\u003Cbr>coordinate time is reviewed, together with the time scales and reference frames used in\u003Cbr>precision timekeeping. Expressions for clock rate offsets, secular terms, and periodic\u003Cbr>variations are developed for clocks in orbit. The formulation is applied to practical\u003Cbr>timekeeping problems, including clock synchronization, time transfer, and distributed\u003Cbr>clock networks. Examples include lunar clock systems and extensions to Mars, which\u003Cbr>maintain continuity with existing GPS timekeeping principles and their application\u003Cbr>beyond Earth. Throughout the tutorial, relativistic concepts are simplified into forms\u003Cbr>suitable for implementation, with emphasis on clarity, consistency, and physical\u003Cbr>interpretation.\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:30:15.823Z","2025-12-22T21:34:05.590Z","2025-12-22T21:34:05.585Z","68",[1708],{"id":239,"name":1709,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1710,"email":15,"biography":1711,"createdAt":1712,"updatedAt":1712,"url_path_id":1713,"contactPhoto":1714,"socialLinks":1729,"url_path":1730},"Bijunath Patla","NIST, USA","\u003Cp>Bijunath R. Patla is a physicist in the Time and Frequency Division at the National\u003Cbr>Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder. His work focuses on precision\u003Cbr>timekeeping, relativistic modeling of clocks, and time and frequency comparisons for\u003Cbr>terrestrial, space-based, and interplanetary systems. He has contributed to the\u003Cbr>realization of UTC(NIST) and to the development of relativistic frameworks for clock\u003Cbr>comparison and synchronization in Earth, lunar, and Martian environments. His\u003Cbr>research supports current and future timing architectures for navigation, communication,\u003Cbr>and space exploration.\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:29:51.835Z","67",{"id":887,"name":1715,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1716,"height":1717,"formats":1718,"hash":1725,"ext":18,"mime":19,"size":1726,"url":1727,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1728,"updatedAt":1728},"Screenshot 2025-12-22 132927.png",418,450,{"thumbnail":1719},{"ext":18,"url":1720,"hash":1721,"mime":19,"name":1722,"path":15,"size":1723,"width":1724,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Screenshot_2025_12_22_132927_11eec9c7b7.png","thumbnail_Screenshot_2025_12_22_132927_11eec9c7b7","thumbnail_Screenshot 2025-12-22 132927.png",49.17,145,"Screenshot_2025_12_22_132927_11eec9c7b7",110.84,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Screenshot_2025_12_22_132927_11eec9c7b7.png","2025-12-22T21:29:47.795Z",[],"-36","-37",{"id":156,"session":1733},{"id":65,"title":1734,"teaser":1735,"body":89,"createdAt":1736,"updatedAt":1737,"publishedAt":1738,"url_path_id":1739,"contacts":1740,"url_path":1763},"MEMS/NEMS Resonators and Sensors at the Fundamental Limit: Noise, Nonlinearity, and Emerging Applications","\u003Cp>Resonant micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) have become versatile platforms for a wide range of applications, including precision sensing and frequency-control technologies. While MEMS resonators have matured into highly robust and widely deployed devices, continued scaling into the nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) regime fundamentally reshapes the balance among noise, dynamic range, frequency stability, and overall device performance. In particular, the strong reduction in effective mass combined with increased resonance frequencies makes NEMS especially attractive for frequency-based sensing applications, where thermomechanical noise and frequency fluctuations define the ultimate performance limits. This tutorial focuses on the physical principles governing NEMS resonators, emphasizing how scaling from MEMS to NEMS alters noise transduction, nonlinear dynamics, frequency stability, and other device performance.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>We begin by reviewing fundamental device performance as a function of scaling. Starting from the Langevin equation of motion, we introduce thermomechanical noise, its origin, and its derivation. The tutorial then examines resonator operation at large vibration amplitudes beyond the onset of linear behavior. In particular, we discuss the role of geometrical nonlinearity, which constrains the usable dynamic range in both MEMS and NEMS but becomes increasingly prominent in NEMS due to strong motion-induced stiffness modulation. These effects are analyzed across different length scales and built-in tension conditions to enable a direct comparison between MEMS and NEMS resonators.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Building on these concepts, we discuss how thermomechanical displacement noise and nonlinear dynamics set the ultimate performance limits of sensors and oscillators. We show how thermomechanical motion translates into frequency fluctuations through the resonance response, quality factor (Q), and available dynamic range, establishing a direct connection between mechanical noise, Allan deviation, and oscillator stability metrics. From a scaling perspective, larger MEMS resonators benefit from reduced thermomechanical noise and a higher onset of nonlinearity, enabling excellent frequency stability and robust frequency references. However, their larger effective mass and stiffness typically reduce responsivity to external perturbations when operated as frequency-based sensors. In contrast, NEMS resonators offer enhanced responsivity to external forces, masses, and fields, enabling high-performance sensing, albeit often with increased frequency noise that must be carefully managed through design and operating conditions.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Finally, we explore nonlinear NEMS operating near the quantum regime, where high resonance frequencies and ultra-low effective mass enable access to quantum noise in strongly nonlinear systems. These regimes open new opportunities for ultra-stable oscillators, frequency references, and next-generation sensors that bridge classical MEMS performance with emerging quantum-limited operation.\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:27:57.461Z","2026-01-09T17:00:02.391Z","2025-12-22T21:33:56.321Z","65",[1741],{"id":259,"name":1742,"committee":15,"position":1743,"affiliation":15,"email":15,"biography":1744,"createdAt":1745,"updatedAt":1746,"url_path_id":1747,"contactPhoto":1748,"socialLinks":1761,"url_path":1762},"Jaesung Lee","University of Central Florida, USA","\u003Cp>Dr. Jaesung Lee received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Case Western Reserve\u003Cbr>University in 2017, and his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University\u003Cbr>of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the\u003Cbr>Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Central Florida. His\u003Cbr>research focuses on the development of micro- and nanoscale devices, including MEMS/NEMS,\u003Cbr>nonlinear phononic systems, optoelectronics, space electronics, and quantum acoustics, using\u003Cbr>advanced materials such as two-dimensional crystals and wide-bandgap semiconductors. His\u003Cbr>work aims to realize integrated platforms for signal processing and precision sensing across both\u003Cbr>classical and quantum regimes. Dr. Lee has authored more than 40 peer-reviewed publications in\u003Cbr>high-impact and multidisciplinary journals. He is a member of IEEE and AVS, and has served as\u003Cbr>the Technical Program Chair for the MEMS/NEMS Technical Group at the 69th–72nd AVS\u003Cbr>International Symposium & Exhibition.\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:27:39.278Z","2026-01-07T20:23:21.838Z","64",{"id":1409,"name":1749,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1312,"height":1750,"formats":1751,"hash":1757,"ext":18,"mime":19,"size":1758,"url":1759,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1760,"updatedAt":1760},"Screenshot 2025-12-22 132716.png",394,{"thumbnail":1752},{"ext":18,"url":1753,"hash":1754,"mime":19,"name":1755,"path":15,"size":1756,"width":1466,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Screenshot_2025_12_22_132716_c4cd3f0067.png","thumbnail_Screenshot_2025_12_22_132716_c4cd3f0067","thumbnail_Screenshot 2025-12-22 132716.png",50.69,"Screenshot_2025_12_22_132716_c4cd3f0067",67.64,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Screenshot_2025_12_22_132716_c4cd3f0067.png","2025-12-22T21:27:35.407Z",[],"-33","-34",{"id":138,"session":1765},{"id":156,"title":1766,"teaser":1767,"body":89,"createdAt":1768,"updatedAt":1769,"publishedAt":1770,"url_path_id":1771,"contacts":1772,"url_path":1815},"Ultrafast Photonics in Time & Frequency Technologies and Applications","\u003Cp style=\"text-align:justify;\">This tutorial covers the fundamental concepts in the generation, modulation, multiplexing, transmission and measurement of optical signals with temporal durations of picoseconds to attoseconds. Applications of these signals in areas of time and frequency metrology will also be covered.  The goal of the tutorial is to have the participant become proficient in understanding technical literature in areas that develop and use ultrafast photonic technologies for scientific and commercial applications.\u003C/p>","2026-01-07T18:15:34.189Z","2026-01-07T18:15:35.765Z","2026-01-07T18:15:35.692Z","73",[1773],{"id":437,"name":1774,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1775,"email":15,"biography":1776,"createdAt":1777,"updatedAt":1778,"url_path_id":1779,"contactPhoto":1780,"socialLinks":1813,"url_path":1814},"Peter Delfyett","CREOL, University of Central Florida, USA","\u003Cp style=\"text-align:justify;\">Peter Delfyett is a University Distinguished Professor of Optics, ECE & Physics at CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, at the University of Central Florida.  He is a Fellow of the APS, AAAS, IEEE, NAI, NSBP, Optica, and SPIE. He is the recipient of the NSF PECASE Award, the APS Edward Bouchet Award, the IEEE Photonics Society’s William Streifer Scientific Achievement Award, and the APS Arthur Schawlow Prize in Laser Science.  Most recently, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He has over 850 scientific publications, conference proceedings and invited presentations, and 45 US patents. \u003C/p>","2026-01-07T18:15:09.867Z","2026-01-07T20:22:33.742Z","72",{"id":1412,"name":1781,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1782,"height":1783,"formats":1784,"hash":1809,"ext":714,"mime":717,"size":1810,"url":1811,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1812,"updatedAt":1812},"Delfyett 20161104.jpg",1500,2100,{"large":1785,"small":1791,"medium":1797,"thumbnail":1803},{"ext":714,"url":1786,"hash":1787,"mime":717,"name":1788,"path":15,"size":1789,"width":1790,"height":37},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/large_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782.jpg","large_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782","large_Delfyett 20161104.jpg",88.13,714,{"ext":714,"url":1792,"hash":1793,"mime":717,"name":1794,"path":15,"size":1795,"width":1796,"height":44},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/small_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782.jpg","small_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782","small_Delfyett 20161104.jpg",24.51,357,{"ext":714,"url":1798,"hash":1799,"mime":717,"name":1800,"path":15,"size":1801,"width":1802,"height":51},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/medium_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782.jpg","medium_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782","medium_Delfyett 20161104.jpg",51.64,536,{"ext":714,"url":1804,"hash":1805,"mime":717,"name":1806,"path":15,"size":1807,"width":1808,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782.jpg","thumbnail_Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782","thumbnail_Delfyett 20161104.jpg",3.93,111,"Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782",333.46,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Delfyett_20161104_07dde07782.jpg","2026-01-07T18:14:48.129Z",[],"-39","-40",{"id":300,"session":1817},{"id":138,"title":1818,"teaser":1819,"body":89,"createdAt":1820,"updatedAt":1821,"publishedAt":1822,"url_path_id":1823,"contacts":1824,"url_path":1846},"Aliasing in Time and Frequency","\u003Cp>With the advent of microwave and optical metrology, time- and frequency signals increasingly exhibit fast noise and spectral bumps, which were usually negligible in traditional radio-frequency domains. As a result, significantly more power is found at high Fourier frequencies, which can compromise stability analysis and noise measurements through aliasing — the folding of out-of-band noise and bumps into the measurement bandwidth — at various stages of acquisition and processing.\u003Cbr>This tutorial reviews aliasing from a metrological perspective, covering measurements — essentially analog-to-digital conversions — the associated analysis methods (PSD, Allan variances), instruments (counters, phasemeters, and frequency meters), atomic clocks (Dick effect and detection noise), frequency dividers, frequency combs, and intentional undersampling. \u003Cbr>Practical examples show how inadequate bandwidth control or sampling can worsen the noise floor, degrade stability, or yield misleading estimates, and how proper filtering and careful signal handling can prevent such errors.\u003C/p>","2026-01-07T18:19:53.132Z","2026-01-26T21:51:28.569Z","2026-01-26T21:51:28.562Z","75",[1825],{"id":279,"name":1826,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1827,"email":15,"biography":89,"createdAt":1828,"updatedAt":1829,"url_path_id":1830,"contactPhoto":1831,"socialLinks":1844,"url_path":1845},"Claudio Calosso","INRIM, Italy","2025-12-22T21:30:47.133Z","2026-01-07T18:21:13.174Z","69",{"id":890,"name":1832,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1833,"height":982,"formats":1834,"hash":1840,"ext":18,"mime":19,"size":1841,"url":1842,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1843,"updatedAt":1843},"Picture1.png",290,{"thumbnail":1835},{"ext":18,"url":1836,"hash":1837,"mime":19,"name":1838,"path":15,"size":1839,"width":1466,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Picture1_297e7cc751.png","thumbnail_Picture1_297e7cc751","thumbnail_Picture1.png",38.36,"Picture1_297e7cc751",47.62,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Picture1_297e7cc751.png","2026-01-07T18:21:09.434Z",[],"-38","-42",{"id":92,"session":1848},{"id":300,"title":1849,"teaser":1850,"body":89,"createdAt":1851,"updatedAt":1852,"publishedAt":1853,"url_path_id":1854,"contacts":1855,"url_path":1891},"Vapor-Cell Atomic Clocks – Today and Tomorrow","\u003Cp>This tutorial will focus on “warm-vapor” atomic clocks, that is frequency standards whose atomic reference is created in a vapor of atoms near room temperature (i.e., from roughly 30 \u003Csup>o\u003C/sup>C to no more than about 100 \u003Csup>o\u003C/sup>C).  Since the predominance of warm-vapor atomic clocks are microwave frequency standards, these will be the focus of the tutorial.  Nevertheless, there will be a brief digression into optical clocks based on warm-vapor quantum systems.  Since the frequency shift of a warm-vapor atomic clock cannot (in general) be computed from first principles, these devices are routinely classified as secondary standards: their frequency cannot be used to define the second.  However, their frequency can be calibrated to a primary standard, and since the frequency drift rate is often low, they can function as something like a “quasi” primary standard for many applications.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Following attendance of this tutorial, the attendee can expect to have gained the following:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>A basic understanding of the physical processes affecting a warm-vapor clock’s frequency stability\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Factors affecting the signal-to-noise, which primarily impacts the clock’s short-term frequency stability\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Environmental sensitivities that affect the clock’s long-term frequency stability\u003C/li>\u003Cli>A general understanding of the operating principles for the most common warm-vapor atomic clocks:\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Double-resonance clocks (e.g., the GPS Rb atomic clock)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Coherent-Population-Trapping (CPT) clocks (e.g., chip-scale atomic clocks)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>I\u003Csub>2\u003C/sub> and 2-photon Rb clocks (i.e., warm-vapor optical clocks)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Where the technology of warm-vapor atomic clocks is likely headed in the next decade\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>","2026-01-07T18:24:05.183Z","2026-01-26T21:52:22.358Z","2026-01-26T21:52:22.343Z","76",[1856],{"id":138,"name":1857,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1858,"email":15,"biography":1859,"createdAt":1860,"updatedAt":1861,"url_path_id":1862,"contactPhoto":1863,"socialLinks":1889,"url_path":1890},"James Camparo","Aerospace Corporation, USA","\u003Cp>Dr. Camparo joined The Aerospace Corporation’s Atomic Physics section in January 1981 immediately after obtaining his doctorate from Columbia University. His dissertation dealt with “laser snow” (i.e., photochemically produced cesium hydride) and the spin-exchange detection of free hydrogen/deuterium atoms created in the laser snow process.  He is currently a Fellow in Aerospace’s Physical Sciences Laboratories, where his interests include research and development of the laser-pumped atomic clock, the study of atomic timekeeping onboard spacecraft, and experiments investigating the field/atom interaction.  Dr. Camparo is the author or co-author of over 100 scientific papers (peer-reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings), and he holds eight patents in the area of atomic clocks.  Dr. Camparo has been a part-time faculty member at California State University Dominguez Hills, lecturing in both the Physics and Chemistry departments, and an adjunct professor of physics at Whittier College.  Dr. Camparo was captain of the Columbia Fencing Team (1977) and holds a 2\u003Csup>nd\u003C/sup> degree black belt in Tae-Kwon-Do.  In his spare time, Dr. Camparo enjoys the theater, history, and spending time with his wife and the families of his two grown daughters.\u003C/p>","2025-06-30T19:58:53.202Z","2026-01-07T18:23:35.179Z","27",{"id":1491,"name":1864,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1865,"height":1866,"formats":1867,"hash":1885,"ext":714,"mime":717,"size":1886,"url":1887,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1888,"updatedAt":1888},"Picture2.jpg",667,857,{"small":1868,"medium":1874,"thumbnail":1880},{"ext":714,"url":1869,"hash":1870,"mime":717,"name":1871,"path":15,"size":1872,"width":1873,"height":44},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/small_Picture2_109e93b61d.jpg","small_Picture2_109e93b61d","small_Picture2.jpg",37.46,389,{"ext":714,"url":1875,"hash":1876,"mime":717,"name":1877,"path":15,"size":1878,"width":1879,"height":51},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/medium_Picture2_109e93b61d.jpg","medium_Picture2_109e93b61d","medium_Picture2.jpg",77.47,584,{"ext":714,"url":1881,"hash":1882,"mime":717,"name":1883,"path":15,"size":1884,"width":1378,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Picture2_109e93b61d.jpg","thumbnail_Picture2_109e93b61d","thumbnail_Picture2.jpg",5.25,"Picture2_109e93b61d",101.69,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Picture2_109e93b61d.jpg","2026-01-07T18:23:30.931Z",[],"-5","-43",{"id":174,"session":1893},{"id":92,"title":1894,"teaser":1895,"body":89,"createdAt":1896,"updatedAt":1897,"publishedAt":1898,"url_path_id":1899,"contacts":1900,"url_path":1924},"Phase Noise Metrology","\u003Cp>Noise is everywhere. Its ubiquitous nature interferes with or masks desired signals and fundamentally limits all electronic measurements. Noise in the presence of a carrier is experienced as amplitude and phase modulation noise. Modulation noise will be covered from its theory, to its origins and consequences. The effects of signal manipulation such as amplification, frequency translation and multiplication on spectral purity will be examined. Practical techniques for measuring AM and PM noise, from the simple to complex, will be discussed. Typical measurement problems, including the cross-spectrum anti-correlation, will also be covered.\u003Cstrong> \u003C/strong>\u003C/p>","2026-01-07T18:29:40.600Z","2026-01-07T18:29:42.259Z","2026-01-07T18:29:42.255Z","77",[1901],{"id":156,"name":1902,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1903,"email":15,"biography":1904,"createdAt":1905,"updatedAt":1906,"url_path_id":1907,"contactPhoto":1908,"socialLinks":1922,"url_path":1923},"Craig Nelson","Frequency Electronics, Inc. , USA","\u003Cp>Craig Nelson is the Chief Technology Officer of Quantum Engineering at Frequency Electronics, Inc. (FEI). He previously spent over 28 years in the Phase Noise Metrology Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where eventually served as the Group Leader from 2017 to 2025. Mr. Nelson received his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Colorado-Boulder in 1990. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>A recognized expert in low phase noise synthesis and measurement, he co-founded SpectraDynamics, Inc. before joining NIST in 1996. His extensive career includes developing the control electronics and software for the NIST-7, NIST-F1 and Yb lattice frequency standards, as well as leading research in ultra-stable synthesizers, FPGA-based digital signal processing, and phase noise metrology spanning the RF to THz domains. Mr. Nelson has published more than 100 papers and holds multiple patents in the field of frequency control. He is a frequent lecturer at the NIST Time and Frequency Seminar and has taught numerous tutorials for the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium. His contributions have been honored with the IEEE W.G. Cady Award (2020), the Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award (2015), and the U.S. Department of Commerce Bronze Medal (2012).\u003C/p>","2025-06-30T19:58:38.292Z","2026-01-07T20:23:09.361Z","26",{"id":1525,"name":1909,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1910,"height":662,"formats":1911,"hash":1918,"ext":18,"mime":19,"size":1919,"url":1920,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1921,"updatedAt":1921},"Picture3.png",176,{"thumbnail":1912},{"ext":18,"url":1913,"hash":1914,"mime":19,"name":1915,"path":15,"size":1916,"width":1917,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Picture3_f02658123f.png","thumbnail_Picture3_f02658123f","thumbnail_Picture3.png",31.91,131,"Picture3_f02658123f",15.48,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Picture3_f02658123f.png","2026-01-07T18:28:55.538Z",[],"-4","-44",{"id":201,"session":1926},{"id":174,"title":1927,"teaser":1928,"body":89,"createdAt":1929,"updatedAt":1930,"publishedAt":1931,"url_path_id":1932,"contacts":1933,"url_path":1974},"High-Precision Optical Time Transfer","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\">High-precision optical time and frequency transfer is accomplished by a collection of laser-based techniques that achieve time dissemination with sub-picosecond instabilities and frequency dissemination with instabilities below one part in 10\u003C/span>\u003Csup>16\u003C/sup>\u003Cspan style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\">.  This tutorial will cover a wide-range of these approaches. First, this tutorial will first present a brief review of the various technical noise sources present.  Second, it will then cover specific time-frequency transfer techniques and demonstrations of time and frequency transfer over fiber-optic links including continuous wave (CW) laser-based frequency transfer, CW-laser-based time transfer, and frequency-comb-based time transfer.  Third, it will then discuss approaches for time and frequency transfer over free-space including pulsed-source time transfer, CW-laser-based frequency transfer, and frequency-comb-based time transfer.  Finally, it will provide an outlook that outlines outstanding challenges in the field as well as possible future applications.  This tutorial will also identify technical talks for the next three days of IFCS relevant to high-precision optical time transfer.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","2026-01-07T20:29:12.178Z","2026-01-26T21:51:40.080Z","2026-01-26T21:51:40.073Z","78",[1934],{"id":181,"name":1935,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1710,"email":15,"biography":1936,"createdAt":1937,"updatedAt":1938,"url_path_id":1939,"contactPhoto":1940,"socialLinks":1972,"url_path":1973}," Laura Sinclair","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dr. Laura Sinclair is the Optical Time Transfer Project Lead in the Fiber Sources and Applications Group – part of the Communications Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado.  She received a B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 2004, a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Colorado, Boulder in 2011 and was a post-doc at NIST Boulder, including as a National Research Council (NRC) post-doctoral fellow, before joining the staff.  She has been awarded a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) (2019), a Department of Commerce Gold Medal for Scientific/Engineering Achievement as part of the Boulder Atomic Clock Optical Network Collaboration (2019), a NIST Excellence in Technology Transfer Award (2024), the Arthur S. Flemming Award for Basic Science (2024), and an Optica Fellow Award (2026).  Her research focuses on the development of optical frequency combs and their wide-ranging applications particularly to optical time transfer and ranging.  With the Optical Time Transfer Project Team, she has recently demonstrated optical time transfer at the quantum limit achieving sub-femtosecond time synchronization over 300 kilometers of air.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:25:56.573Z","2026-01-07T20:28:36.006Z","63",{"id":1570,"name":1941,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1942,"height":1943,"formats":1944,"hash":1968,"ext":1946,"mime":717,"size":1969,"url":1970,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":1971,"updatedAt":1971},"Sinclair2025_headshot.JPG",7008,4672,{"large":1945,"small":1951,"medium":1957,"thumbnail":1962},{"ext":1946,"url":1947,"hash":1948,"mime":717,"name":1949,"path":15,"size":1950,"width":37,"height":1865},".JPG","https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/large_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022.JPG","large_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022","large_Sinclair2025_headshot.JPG",37.06,{"ext":1946,"url":1952,"hash":1953,"mime":717,"name":1954,"path":15,"size":1955,"width":44,"height":1956},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/small_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022.JPG","small_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022","small_Sinclair2025_headshot.JPG",11.42,333,{"ext":1946,"url":1958,"hash":1959,"mime":717,"name":1960,"path":15,"size":1961,"width":51,"height":44},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/medium_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022.JPG","medium_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022","medium_Sinclair2025_headshot.JPG",22.02,{"ext":1946,"url":1963,"hash":1964,"mime":717,"name":1965,"path":15,"size":1966,"width":1967,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022.JPG","thumbnail_Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022","thumbnail_Sinclair2025_headshot.JPG",3.77,234,"Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022",1872.57,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Sinclair2025_headshot_1b51a1a022.JPG","2026-01-07T20:27:51.458Z",[],"-32","-45",{"id":122,"session":1976},{"id":201,"title":1977,"teaser":1978,"body":89,"createdAt":1979,"updatedAt":1980,"publishedAt":1981,"url_path_id":1982,"contacts":1983,"url_path":2025},"Principle of Averaged Atomic Time Scale and Its Realization","\u003Cp style=\"margin-left:0px;\">Atomic clocks have become important in establishing stable timescales due to their exceptional precision and accuracy. However, to maintain the continuity of timescale, we must address the issues arising from the lifespan or malfunction of these clocks. One solution to this problem is to introduce a virtual timescale based on the average of an ensemble of atomic clocks. This method has several advantages: it preserves the continuity of time unless all the clocks stop working, and the averaging effect smooths out the fluctuations of individual clock.\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"margin-left:0px;\">This tutorial introduces a practical method for constructing this averaged atomic timescale at first. I start with a simple approach to understand the principles, and then show a more refined and practical calculation that can address the problems in the simple approach. Next, I present how this virtual atomic timescale is realized as a continuous output of a frequency signal, which is required in actual measurements and real-time time scales. This realization concept also gives an idea for constructing robust atomic time systems using distributed clock networks.\u003C/p>","2026-01-08T17:57:37.739Z","2026-01-08T17:57:41.862Z","2026-01-08T17:57:41.855Z","79",[1984],{"id":245,"name":1985,"committee":15,"position":15,"affiliation":1986,"email":15,"biography":1987,"createdAt":1988,"updatedAt":1989,"url_path_id":1990,"contactPhoto":1991,"socialLinks":2023,"url_path":2024}," Yuko Hanado","Retired, NICT, Japan","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dr. Yuko Hanado was a researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) in Tokyo, Japan, until her retirement in 2023. She obtained her Master’s degree in Physics from Tohoku University in 1989 and joined the Communications Research Laboratory (currently NICT). She received a PhD in Engineering from the University of Electrocommunications in 2008. Her primary role at NICT involved generating and disseminating Japan Standard Time. She led the hardware team in constructing the system and ensuring its stable operation. After 2009, she moved to positions in strategy or management. Her research focuses on the generation of averaged atomic time and its realizing. She provides related tutorial materials on the BIPM's e-learning courses.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","2025-12-22T21:28:25.025Z","2026-01-09T16:59:09.758Z","66",{"id":1456,"name":1992,"alternativeText":15,"caption":15,"width":1993,"height":1994,"formats":1995,"hash":2019,"ext":714,"mime":717,"size":2020,"url":2021,"previewUrl":15,"provider":22,"provider_metadata":15,"createdAt":2022,"updatedAt":2022},"YHanado_photo.jpg",1020,1288,{"large":1996,"small":2002,"medium":2008,"thumbnail":2014},{"ext":714,"url":1997,"hash":1998,"mime":717,"name":1999,"path":15,"size":2000,"width":2001,"height":37},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/large_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9.jpg","large_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9","large_YHanado_photo.jpg",158.05,792,{"ext":714,"url":2003,"hash":2004,"mime":717,"name":2005,"path":15,"size":2006,"width":2007,"height":44},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/small_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9.jpg","small_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9","small_YHanado_photo.jpg",51.56,396,{"ext":714,"url":2009,"hash":2010,"mime":717,"name":2011,"path":15,"size":2012,"width":2013,"height":51},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/medium_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9.jpg","medium_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9","medium_YHanado_photo.jpg",100.38,594,{"ext":714,"url":2015,"hash":2016,"mime":717,"name":2017,"path":15,"size":2018,"width":1421,"height":733},"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/thumbnail_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9.jpg","thumbnail_Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9","thumbnail_YHanado_photo.jpg",6.69,"Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9",237.09,"https://confcats-siteplex.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ifcs26/Y_Hanado_photo_f9c6b0f3c9.jpg","2026-01-08T17:55:39.520Z",[],"-35","-46",{"data":2027,"meta":2028},{"id":220,"heading":221,"createdAt":226,"updatedAt":227,"publishedAt":228,"url_path_id":229,"url_path":232,"contentType":120},{},1778853860439]